Smith, for sailing the massive ship at such a high speed 22 knots through the iceberg-heavy waters of the North Atlantic. The wireless radio operator dismissed a key iceberg warning. Less than an hour before the Titanic hit the iceberg, another nearby ship, the Californian, radioed to say it had been stopped by dense field ice. It may have taken a fatal wrong turn. Because ships at the time operated on two different steering order systems, he became confused and turned the wrong way—directly toward the ice.
Mirages and hazy horizons were created by weather conditions. The first argued that the Earth came unusually close to both the moon and the sun that year, increasing their gravitational pull on the ocean and producing record tides, which caused increased amounts of floating ice in the North Atlantic around the time of the sinking. The liner, in many ways state of the art for the day and trumpeted by her owners, the press and others as "practically unsinkable," struck an iceberg south of the Grand Banks and went down in 2 hours, 40 minutes, taking more than 1, people with it.
Titanic was built with a double bottom but not a double hull. It had watertight bulkheads, but they didn't all go all the way to the top of the hull. These omissions doomed the ship after a foot gash was torn in its starboard side below the waterline by a spur projecting from the iceberg. Or perhaps, new research suggests, the gash was not that big, but substandard rivets caused the Titanic 's hull plates to buckle. We believe the boat is unsinkable.
Listed below are some possibilities. An extract from a White Star Line publicity brochure produced in for the twin ships Olympic and Titanic which states?? Some sources state that this wording was used on an advertising flyer while others point to an illustrated brochure.
No maritime regulation has saved more lives. As a number of Titanic passengers in lifeboats died from hypothermia, lifeboats must now be fully or partially enclosed to better protect against the elements, and emergency immersion suits are now available for passengers. However, lifeboats still have their shortcomings, says Markku Kajosaari, manager of concept development at the Arctech Helsinki Shipyard.
Some kind of back-up, or means to evacuate the vessel has to be provided. Over the last five decades, computer modelling and analysis has increasingly replaced the type of lengthy, laborious calculations used to design ships around the time of the Titanic.
But the Concordia has highlighted a re-examination in the use of computer-aided design, the maritime trade union Nautilus International told New Scientist magazine. Vassalos says a huge challenge is to get countries around the world to adopt a common set of standards.
It is not an issue that looks like it will be solved anytime soon. The benefits of doing so include tax incentives, the ability to hire non-national crews and the often more relaxed laws of the registered state. As the Costa Concordia also showed, all the design, safety and regulation changes in the world are useless when confronted with basic human error.
Concordia deviated from its regularly navigated route for the thrill of passing the Italian island Isola del Giglio at close proximity. Like the Titanic, where Captain Edward Smith was encouraged to arrive in New York at day ahead of schedule, despite six ice warnings, the Concordia incident involved ignoring warning signs provided by the technology of its day.
The answer, I submit, lies deep within the human conditions of hubris, ego and arrogance. Each of these elements, when taken individually, are fatal flaws unto themselves.
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